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By Data Type terms
Methods by the kind of data: text, location, graphs, images, audio, time series, streams, sensors, behaviour and big data.
Embeddings Numeric vector representations of text, images, or other data, positioned so similar items sit close together in the vector space. Named Entity Recognition (NER) An NLP technique that locates and classifies names of people, organizations, places, and other entities within text. Net sentiment The share of positive mentions minus the share of negative mentions in a set of analyzed text, summarized as one score. Sentiment analysis Using NLP to classify text as positive, negative, or neutral, so large volumes of comments or reviews can be scored automatically. Text analytics The techniques used to extract structured information and insight from unstructured text, from keyword counts to deep NLP. Topic modeling An unsupervised machine learning technique that discovers the latent themes running through a collection of documents. AIS vessel tracking Using shipboard AIS radio broadcasts to track vessel position, speed and identity for maritime and environmental analysis. Cell site analytics Analyzing performance and usage data from individual cell towers to manage network capacity, coverage and quality. Choropleth map A map where regions are shaded or colored to represent the value of a statistic, such as population density. Crime mapping Plotting reported crime incidents geographically to reveal spatial patterns and support resource deployment decisions. Deforestation monitoring Tracking loss of tree cover over time, usually from satellite imagery, to detect and quantify forest clearing. Footfall analytics Measuring and analyzing how many people enter, move through, and dwell in a physical space, most often a retail store. Geocoding Converting a text address or place name into geographic coordinates, or the reverse, for mapping and analysis. Geofencing Drawing a virtual boundary around a location so entry or exit can trigger an action or be logged as an event. Geographic information system (GIS) Software for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying data tied to specific locations on the Earth's surface. Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) Intelligence built from imagery, mapping, and geographic data to describe and assess activity tied to a place. Historical GIS Applying geographic information systems to historical data to map how places, boundaries and populations changed over time. Hotspot analysis Statistical method for finding geographic clusters where an event, such as crime or disease, occurs more than chance predicts. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) A satellite-derived index measuring live vegetation density and health from how plants reflect red and infrared light. Ocean color remote sensing Measuring the color of reflected sunlight from the ocean surface by satellite to estimate chlorophyll, sediment and water quality. Pattern-of-life analysis Studying the routine movements and behavior of a person, vehicle, or location over time to detect meaningful deviations. Precision agriculture Using field-level data, from sensors, satellites, and GPS-guided equipment, to tailor farming inputs to specific conditions rather than whole fields. Remote sensing Collecting data about the Earth's surface or atmosphere from satellites, aircraft or drones without physical contact. Satellite imagery analysis Extracting information such as land cover, change or object detection from images captured by orbiting satellites. Spatial analysis Analytical techniques that use the location, distance or arrangement of data to find patterns tabular data hides. Centrality measures A family of graph metrics that rank how important or well-connected each node is within a network. Community detection Identifying groups of nodes in a network that are more densely connected to each other than to the rest of the graph. Graph analytics Analyzing data modeled as nodes and edges to study connections, structure, and influence rather than isolated records. Link prediction Estimating the likelihood that a connection exists, or will form, between two nodes in a graph that are not currently linked. PageRank An algorithm that scores a node's importance by the number and importance of other nodes linking to it. Computer vision A field of AI that trains models to interpret and extract information from images and video, such as detecting objects or faces. Video analytics Extracting quantitative insight from video, whether audience behavior around published video or automated analysis of video frames. Watch time The total minutes viewers spend watching a piece of video content, a key ranking and monetization signal on video platforms. Audio analytics The analysis of sound and audio signals, from speech and music to ambient noise, to extract patterns and meaning. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) Technology that converts spoken audio into written text, forming the input layer for most speech and voice analytics. Speaker diarization Splitting an audio recording into segments and labeling which speaker was talking in each, without necessarily identifying who they are. Speech analytics Software that transcribes and analyzes spoken audio, such as call center recordings, to extract sentiment, keywords, and compliance signals. Word error rate (WER) The standard accuracy metric for speech recognition, measuring the edit distance between a transcript and the correct reference text. ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) A classical time-series forecasting model that combines a series' own past values, differencing, and past forecast errors. Autocorrelation The correlation of a time series with a lagged, delayed copy of itself, used to detect repeating patterns and dependence over time. Change-point detection Identifying the points in a time series where its underlying statistical behavior shifts abruptly rather than drifting gradually. Exponential smoothing A forecasting technique that weights recent observations more heavily than older ones, with the weight decaying exponentially with age. Moving average A calculated series that averages a fixed window of recent data points, smoothing out short-term noise to reveal a trend. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) Forecasting weather by solving the physical equations governing the atmosphere on a computer, using current observations as a start. Seasonality A regular, predictable pattern in data that repeats at a fixed calendar interval, such as daily, weekly, or annually. Signal processing Techniques for analyzing, filtering, and transforming time-varying signals, such as sensor readings or audio, to extract or clean up information. Stationarity The property of a time series whose statistical characteristics, such as mean and variance, stay constant over time. Apache Kafka An open-source distributed event streaming platform that stores records in ordered, durable, replayable logs called topics. Event streaming Continuously publishing and consuming records of things that happened, in order, through a durable, replayable log. Event-driven architecture (EDA) A system design where components communicate by producing and reacting to events, rather than calling each other directly. Exactly-once processing A processing guarantee that each event affects the result exactly once, even after retries or redelivery. Late-arriving data Records that reach a pipeline after the time window they logically belong to has already been processed. Message broker Middleware that routes messages between producing and consuming systems so they don't need to connect to each other directly. Micro-batching Processing data in very small, frequent batches to approximate streaming without a dedicated stream processor. Stream processing Processing data continuously as individual events arrive, rather than waiting to accumulate a batch. Watermarking A stream processing technique estimating how far event time has progressed, to decide when a window can be finalized. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Smart meters and the communication network that lets utilities collect near real-time usage data from them. Digital twin A live virtual model of a physical asset or process, kept synchronized with real sensor data, used to simulate and predict behavior. Fleet telematics Collecting real-time vehicle data, location, speed, fuel use, and diagnostics, from a fleet's onboard systems and sensors. Sensor calibration Adjusting a sensor's readings against a known reference so its measurements are accurate, not just precise. Smart city sensor data Real-time readings from networked devices, such as traffic counters and air-quality monitors, across urban infrastructure. Clickstream The raw, timestamped sequence of pages, clicks, and interactions a single visitor generates while browsing a site or app. Event data model The structured format — event name, timestamp, user ID, and properties — that a single tracked user action is recorded in. Sessionization Grouping a visitor's raw, timestamped events into discrete sessions, usually by closing a session after a period of inactivity. User journey analytics Analyzing the ordered sequence of touchpoints and actions a user takes across sessions and channels toward a goal. Apache Spark An open-source distributed computing engine for processing large datasets in parallel across a cluster of machines. Batch processing Processing data in large, scheduled groups rather than continuously as each record arrives. Data deduplication Identifying and removing records that represent the same real-world entity or event more than once. DataFrame A two-dimensional, table-like data structure with named, typed columns, used to manipulate data in code. Distributed computing Splitting a computation across multiple machines that coordinate over a network to solve it faster or at larger scale.